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Kingman Park
Kingman Park is a residential neighborhood in the Northeast quadrant of Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States. Kingman Park's boundaries are 15th Street NE to the west; C Street SE to the south; Benning Road to the north; and Anacostia Park to the east.〔Latimer, Leah Y. "An Aging Neighborhood of 'Empty Nests' Mirrors City Trend of Shifting Population." ''Washington Post.'' June 2, 1982.〕 The neighborhood is composed primarily of two-story brick rowhouses〔Knight, Athelia. "Kingman Park Is Thriving on Community Spirit." ''Washington Post.'' April 2, 1988.〕 (most of which were built when the neighborhood was founded in 1928).〔 Kingman Park is named after Brigadier General Dan Christie Kingman, the former head of the United States Army Corps of Engineers (for whom nearby Kingman Island and Kingman Lake are also named).〔〔"Lake Kingman Wall Bids Are Received." ''Washington Post.'' March 10, 1926; "$170,000 Annually Spent Developing Park in Anacostia," ''Washington Post,'' September 26, 1926.〕
==Early history==
Prior to the 1920s, Kingman Park was a largely uninhabited, wooded area located near the D.C. city dump.〔 The area was originally on the shores of the Anacostia River. Between 1860 and the late 1880s, large mudflats ("the Anacostia flats") formed on both banks of the Anacostia River due to deforestation and the heavy erosion it caused.〔Gutheim, Frederick A. and Lee, Antoinette J. ''Worthy of the Nation: Washington, DC, From L'Enfant to the National Capital Planning Commission.'' Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006, p. 147.〕〔(Coues, Elliott and Prentiss, D. Webster. "Avifauna Columbiana." ''Bulletin of the United States National Museum.'' No. 26. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1883, p. 17. )〕 At this time, the city allowed its sewage to pour untreated into the Anacostia. Marsh grass began growing in the flats, trapping the sewage and leading public health experts to conclude that the flats were unsanitary.〔 Health officials also feared that the flats were a prime breeding ground of malaria- and yellow fever-carrying mosquitoes.〔 By 1876, a large mudflat had formed just south of where Benning Bridge is today, and another, wide, had developed just south of the former flat.〔(''Report of the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army.'' United States Army. Corps of Engineers. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1876, p. 357. )〕 By 1883, a stream named "Succabel's Gut" traversed the upper flat and another dubbed "Turtle Gut" the lower, and both flats hosted substantial populations of American lotus, lily pads, and wild rice.〔 In 1898, officials with the United States Army Corps of Engineers and the District of Columbia convinced the United States Congress that the Anacostia River should be dredged to create a more commercially viable channel that would enhance the local economy as well as provide land where factories or warehouses might be built.〔Forgey, Benjamin. "The Anacostia, Stream of Consciousness." ''Washington Post.'' March 28, 1987〕〔〔"To Dredge Anacostia River." ''Washington Post.'' August 9, 1902.〕 The material dredged from the river would be used to build up the flats and turn them into dry land, eliminating the public health dangers they caused.〔 In 1901, the McMillan Commission (a body established by the United States Senate to advise the Congress and District of Columbia on ways to improve the parks, monuments, memorials, and infrastructure of the city as well as plan for urban renewal, economic growth, and expansion of the federal government) concluded that commercial land was not needed and proposed turning the reclaimed flats into parkland.〔Gutheim and Lee, ''Worthy of the Nation,'' 2006, p. 148.〕〔"Flats Soon to Go." ''Washington Post.'' October 10, 1909.〕 The D.C. government agreed in 1905,〔"For A Park on Flats." ''Washington Post.'' November 5, 1905.〕 the United States Commission of Fine Arts (a federal advisory agency with review authority over the design and aesthetics of projects within Washington, D.C.) and the Army Corps of Engineers concurred in 1914, and the National Capital Park and Planning Commission signed on (belatedly) to the park plan in 1928.〔 Most of the reclaimed mudflats were subsequently declared to be parkland and named Anacostia Water Park (now Anacostia Park) in 1919.〔 This left the Kingman Park neighborhood cut off from the Anacostia River.
In 1805, local landowner Benjamin Stoddert built a wooden bridge over the Anacostia River at the present site of Benning Bridge.〔(Bryan, Wilhelmus Bogart. ''A History of the National Capital From Its Foundation Through the Period of the Adoption of the Organic Act.'' New York: The Macmillan Company, 1914, p. 492. )〕〔(Croggon, James. "When City Was Young." ) ''Washington Evening Star.'' August 17, 1906.〕 The bridge was sold to Thomas Ewell, who in the 1820s sold it to William Benning.〔Bryan, ''A History of the National Capital From Its Foundation Through the Period of the Adoption of the Organic Act,'' 1914, p. 98-99.〕 Thereafter the structure was known as Benning's Bridge (or Benning Bridge). The wooden bridge was rebuilt several times after 1805. This included construction of a steel bridge in 1892,〔Wasserman, Paul and Hausrath, Don. ''Washington, D.C. from A to Z: The Traveler's Look-Up Source for the Nation's Capital.'' Sterling, Va.: Capital Books, 2003, p. 33.〕 and the current beam-concrete pier bridge in 1934.〔(Wheeler, Linda. "Benning Heights' Twists and Turns." ''Washington Post.'' October 25, 1997. )〕
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